The onion thrips thrips tabaci lindeman, 1889 is a key pest of a wide range of crops because of its ecological attributes such as polyphagy, high reproduction rate, ability to transmit tospoviruses and resistance to insecticides. Thripidae biology, distribution and management vivek kumar, garima kakkar, cindy l. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. The importance of soil water content for the biological control of thrips tabaci. The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the north american continent to europe, australia and south africa. Karny in 1925 from specimens collected in 1921 on tobacco in sumatra. Id is important for biological control because natural enemies are often specific to just one pest or group of pests. Endophytic fungi, which live within host plant tissues without causing any visible symptom of infection, are important mutualists that mediate plantherbivore interactions. Frankliniella, tospovirus, behavioral ecology, host plant location, dispersal, vectors. However, information on endophyte colonization of onions, and their impacts on the biology of thrips. Biology and ecology of flower thrips in relation to tomato. Onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman, is a prominent species infesting onion and tomato in the northern highlands of tanzania. Thripidae, is one of the major limiting factors affecting yield. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically.
Their bodies range from a pale yellow to darker brown and they have slender wings fringed with fine hairs setae. Nasik red plus n53, onion dr301 krishna, onion white, and. A study on the biology of this pest was carried out in laboratory condition 251c, 705% rh and 16. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. Thrips in greenhouse crops biology, damage and management. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to. Your use of this pdf, the bioone web site, and all posted and associated content indicates.
Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on. The onion thrips, thrips tabaci thysanoptera, thripidae is a polyphagous pest of allium crops in the uk and considerable effort and expenditure is employed in its control. Thrips tabaci, onion thrips, damage, plant density, early white cabbage. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch. The most common and harmful species are the onion thrips thrips tabaci and the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis. International movement, detection and quarantine of thysanoptera pests. Review of the biology and vector capability of thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera. Pdf biological parameters of the onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman were studied on the following onion allium cepa l. Thripidae biology, ecology, and management in onion production systems harsimran k. Thrips tabaci is a species of very small insect in the genus thrips in the order thysanoptera.
Other species occur on each of the continents, including one species described from antarctica. However, information on endophyte colonization of onions, and their impacts on the biology of thrips feeding on them, is lacking. It was named after the director of the medan quarantine station, dr bt palm, and although it has been referred to as palm thrips cie, 1986 it is not known to be associated with any palm tree species. Thrips biology and control in floriculture crops january, 2016 introduction thrips have always been a common and difficult to control pest for growers of greenhouse flowers. Hence, one of the objectives of this study was to identify the most resistant onion entries against t. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. The onion thrips, thrips tabaci thysanoptera, thripidae is a polyphagous pest of allium crops in the uk and considerable effort and. First record of thrips species and their damage to carrot. Some of the common thrips affecting landscape and nursery plants are described below. Pdf impact and economic threshold of thrips tabaci on onions. The onion thrips thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera. The general life cycle of western flower thrips is similar to that of other species in the family thripidae, consisting of an egg, 2 active feeding larval instars, 2 relatively quiescent pupal in stars, and the adult.
The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Nevertheless, considerable part of the production is lost due to bemisia tabaci genn. Onion thrips is known to interact synergistically with pathogens to exacerbate plant disease. These pests are less sensitive to pesticides and cause serious damage to vegetable crops as well as to ornamentals and soft fruit. It is important to understand the life cycle and behavior of thrips in order to develop an effective control strategy. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Resistant plants can be an important method for controlling this pest in an integrated pest management. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute mostly 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page thrips palmi was first described by h. Identification, biology and management in garlic and. It causes considerable leaf damage by direct feeding and also transmits the iris yellow spot virus iysv. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to be unmarketable and dry bulb onion size to be reduced. Thats why thrips have become one of the most feared and widespread pests.
Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis thysanoptera. Thrips identification is key to management the first important step in any pest management program is the accurate identification of the pest. However, the potential relationship between onion thrips and stemphylium leaf blight is unknown. Investigations into the biology and behaviour of thrips tabaci l. However, western flower thrips is the predominant species and the most difficult to. Sep 25, 2014 thrips tabaci lindeman is one of the key pests of onion, allium cepa l. Thrips are a diverse group of hemimetabolous insects that have a range of diets consisting of both plant and animal prey, depending on the species in. Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. As many as 29, 28, and 49 plant families have been documented as feeding host, reproductive hosts, or plants that thrips are transients on for tobacco thrips, western flower thrips, and flower thrips, respectively. Biology and ecology of flower thrips in relation to tomato spotted wilt virus stuart r. Pdf study on biology of onion thrips, thrips tabaci. A few of the main species of thrips known to injure greenhouse crops are summarized in table 1 above. Only a few individual thrips are enough to cause severe damage.
Biology thrips are tiny insects with fringed wings that can range in size from 0. While there are numerous studies centered on thrips pest and vector biology, feeding behaviors, ecology, and insecticide resistance, the underlying genetic mechanisms of the processes governing. It is one of the major limiting factors affecting yield of. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to. S tansly 2 1 university of florida, ifas entomology and nematology department citrus research and education center 700 experiment station road lake alfred, fl 33850 2. Thrips tabaci lindeman is cosmopolitan, feeding on at least 140 species from over 40 families of plants. Thrips fhysanoptera are very small insects, widespread throughout the world with a preponderance of tropical species, many temperate ones, and even a few living in arctic regions. Biological host plant resistance cultural practices chemical control. Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of thrips tabaci lind. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. It is one of the major limiting factors affecting yield of cucumber. Figure 1, adapted from kopperts knowing and recognizing.
Larvae and adults rasp the leaves and suck the sap causing chlorotic spots and burned leaves, foliar deformities, and reductions of bulb size. Thrips tabaci lindeman is one of the key pests of onion, allium cepa l. Abstract during the past two decades, onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. It is an agricultural pest that can damage crops of onions and other plants, and it can additionally act as a vector for plant viruses. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. States where these five thrips species have been reported infesting cotton seedlings and the associated references are listedintable1. Most of these vector species are extremely polyphagous, feeding on both vegetative parts of plant and on pollen.
Thrips management in garlic and onions identification is the 1st step to pest management biology of the pest. Chapter 3 an overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis thysanoptera. Oct 01, 2006 onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman, is a major pest of agricultural crops worldwide. Relationship between onion thrips thrips tabaci and.
Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of sumatra, to the coast of florida, and threatens to extend its distribution throughout north and south america. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts on the biology of thrips tabaci, plos one, 2014, volume 9, issue 9, doi. Part 2 onion thrips thrips tabaci insecticide resistance severa. Citeseerx study on biology of onion thrips, thrips. Biology and identification there are at least 6,000 species of thrips in the world. Investigations into the biology and behaviour of thrips. Adultfemalesofflowerthrips,westernflowerthrips, tobacco thrips, and soybean thrips are illustrated in figs. Thripidae, is a major pest of greenhouse crops in iran. Despite this, overall understanding of the biology and behaviour of t. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre.
Brazil is one of the main tomato solanum lycopersicum producers worldwide. Biology,cropinjury,andmanagementofthripsthysanoptera. A number of thrips species are commonly found including western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, eastern flower thrips frankliniella tritici, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and echinothrips. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to be unmarket. Western flower thrips is the most widespread and troublesome thrips for british columbia growers, but other species can also be serious pests. Nault5,6 1department of entomology, cornell university, ithaca, ny 14853. Thrips are a major pest of greenhouse crops in ontario. Onion thrips thrips tabaci utah pests utah state university. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Pdf study on biology of onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. Of the approximately 5,000 species so far identified, only a few hundred are crop pests, causing serious damage or.
Thrips is the largest genus of thrips, with over 280 species, most of which are found in europe, africa and the mediterranean basin. Proceedings of the 1993 international conference on. Identification and biology thrips are generally very small up to 2 millimeters mm, or 110 inches, in. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Genomeenabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips identification with the exception of the striped e. Using observations published in agricultural newsletters, the australian western flower thrips newsletter, articles published in aspects of vector thrips biology and epidemiology of tospoviruses in australia clift ad1 and tesoriero l2. The main thrips vector species of tswv in the united states are frankliniella occidentalis and frankliniella fusca, and to a lesser extent, frankliniella bispinosa, thrips tabaci, scirtothrips dorsalis, and frankliniella schultzei. There are biological differences between onion thrips populations. Feeding damage by onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. Chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an exotic. Thrips can be found on numerous crop and weed species, many of which are found within cotton production environment. National production is about 70 000 tons, mainly for fresh consumption.
Thrips setosus is also reported to transmit tswv to tomato in japan. Stemphylium leaf blight caused by stemphylium vesicarium and onion thrips thrips tabaci are two common causes of leaf damage in onion production. Pdf colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their. Thrips tabaci, geographical distribution, virus transmission. Study on biology of onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. A simple molecular identification method of the thrips. This process leaves a distinctive silvery or bronze scarring on the surfaces of the stems or leaves where the thrips feed. Aspects of vector thrips biology and epidemiology of. Thrips includes the species of thrips most frequently intercepted at ports of entry into the united states, t. Biological parameters of the onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman were studied on the following onion allium cepa l. Of the 5000 or so species of thrips, only 17 species, all in the family thripidae, are reported as vectors of plant viruses table 12. Study on biology of onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera.